Database
Governments estimate emissions to air and water from sources other than reporting facilities to give a broad picture of emissions. Sources include facilities too small to report individually, everyday household activities such as cooking on household barbeques and driving to work, and for land uses that cause nutrient emissions to waterways. Aggregated sources are not estimated annually, and the estimates are from 1996 onwards.
Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus are estimated for selected catchments in each State/Territory and for the Murray Darling Basin. For Darwin Harbour and surrounding catchments, heavy metals are also estimated. It is important to note that the sources studied in each catchment are determined by the State/Territory undertaking the estimations, and even where the names are similar they may not represent precisely the same activity or land use.
Studies of aggregated emissions to air have been undertaken in all major urban and some regional areas. These studies estimate emissions to air from small industrial facilities and commercial and domestic activities. The States/Territories undertaking the studies work from an agreed list of sources, so that "motor vehicles" for example are estimated for all areas where aggregated sources have been estimated. The techniques for estimating emissions are from Aggregated Emissions Data Manuals or Emission Estimation Technique Manuals.
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Emissions are estimated for facilities classified as ANZSIC code 5710 "Accommodation" that are too small to report individually. At this time emission estimates exist for Darwin and Alice Springs only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for aeroplanes landing and taking off (up to a height of 1000m), taxiing and standing on the tarmac during loading and unloading. For a description of how the emissions are calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Aircraft Manual. Estimates are for all major centres with exception of the Sydney, Newcastle - Wollongong region area. Some regional areas are also included.
This includes ammonia emissions from Livestock estimated for selected regions in Victoria.
Emissions from the operation of agricultural machinery are estimated for selected regions in Victoria.
These are emissions from organic solvents contained in paints and other surface coatings used for interior and exterior of houses and other buildings. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Architectural Coating Manual. Estimated for all major urban areas and some regional areas.
These are emissions from the burning of domestic rubbish in incinerators or by other means. Rubbish could typically include garden waste, paper, domestic refuse. Emissions are estimated for urban areas in Northern Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria.
Emissions are estimated from baking of bread in small bakeries. Emissions estimated are mostly ethanol from yeast action on flour. Emissions are estimated in some urban areas. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Bakery Product Manufacturing . For Darwin and Alice Springs the Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was also used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions from fuel combustion and cooking on household barbecues. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Barbeques. Estimated in some urban areas.
Biogenics includes natural emissions from vegetation and soil. Most vegetation emits a range of organic compounds into the atmosphere. Emissions of oxides of nitrogen result from microbial activity in soil and nitrite photolysis in water bodies. Oxides of nitrogen and total volatile organic compounds from this source are estimated for the Pilbara and other selected regions of WA.
Emissions are estimated from fuel combustion from brick manufacture for facilities too small to report individually. Estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Bricks, Ceramics & Clay Product Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions are estimated from burning related to managed fuel reduction, forest regeneration fires, wildfires and agricultural burning. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Prescribed Burning and Wildfires. Estimated for Pilbara in WA and major urban areas except in Queensland.
Emissions are estimated from sites classified as ANZSIC code 5730 "Cafes and Restaurants" that are too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Darwin and Alice Springs areas only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for cement manufacture in facilities too small to report individually. Estimates are made for South East Queensland only.
Emissions are estimated for cigarette smoking. Currently estimates have been made only for Canberra, Perth and South East Queensland.
Emissions are estimated from the operation of commercial boats, ships and
recreational boats. For a description of how the emissions were calculated
see Aggregated Emissions from
Commercial Ships/Boats and Recreational Boats. The sources are:
"Commercial Boating" - commercial boats such as coastal fishing vessels, ferries
and tugs;
"Recreational Boating" - small recreational craft;
"Shipping" - large sea going vessels.
Emissions estimated from concrete batching sites too small to report individually for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Concrete Batching & Concrete Product Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions estimated from sites engaged in concrete manufacturing that are too small to report individually for Alice Springs only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Concrete Batching & Concrete Product Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions estimated from bitumen used for road construction and repair work. Emissions are from the solvents and thinners which are added to the bitumen in order to make it easier to apply. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Cutback Bitumen. Emissions are estimated for all major urban centres except South East Queensland and Sydney, Newcastle - Wollongong. Some regional centres are also estimated.
Emissions estimated from the use of organic solvents for domestic and commercial purposes but excluding the use of paints and thinners. Examples of where solvents can be emitted from domestic use include nail polish, glues and aerosols e.g. hair sprays and deodorants. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Domestic/Commercial Solvents and Aerosol Use. Emissions are estimated for all major urban and some regional centres. Note for the Port Phillip Region this source split into "Aerosols" and "Domestic/Commercial solvents".
Emissions are estimated for solvents from the operation of commercial dry cleaning facilities employing less than 20 people. For a description of how the emissions were estimated see Aggregated Emissions from Dry Cleaning . Emissions are estimated for all major urban and some regional centres. For Alice Springs and Darwin the source is called "Laundries and Dry-Cleaners" and the Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for electroplating facilities too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were estimated see Electroplating and Anodising Manual.
Emissions are estimated for ferrous foundries too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were estimated see Ferrous Foundries Manual.
Emissions are estimated for food, beverage and tobacco manufacturers too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Tobacco Product Manufacture Manual.
Emissions are estimated for sites engaged in food manufacturing that are too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Alice Springs area only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated from the combustion of fuel (e.g. coal, gas, wood, fuel oil) for facilities too small to report individually. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Fuel Combustion (Sub-Threshold). Emissions are estimated for major urban areas with exception of Sydney, Newcastle - Wollongong and South East Queensland, and also estimated for some regional areas.
Emissions are estimated for Darwin only. A review of emission testing at various crematoria undertaken by Earth Tech (Canada) Inc was used as the basis of deriving emission factors. This report provides a summary of emissions measured from stack tests at a number of crematoriums in the US, Canada, the UK and South Australia. The following assumptions were used:
Emissions are estimated for galvanising (coating metal objects with zinc) at facilities too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see the Galvanizing Manual.
Emissions are estimated for burning of gas (natural, LPG etc) for heating and cooking in households. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning. Emissions are estimated for all major urban centres except South East Queensland and Sydney, Newcastle - Wollongong. Emissions have also been estimated for some regional centres.
Emissions are estimated for glass production in facilities too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Glass & Glass Fibre Manufacturing Manual and Combustion in Boilers Manual.
Emissions are estimated for boilers in hospitals too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Hospitals Manual and Combustion in Boilers Manual.
Emissions are estimated for inorganic chemical manufacture in facilities too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions are estimated for breakdown of wastes in landfills to small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Kalgoorlie, Melbourne and South East Queensland regions.
Emissions are estimated for mowing domestic lawns. The Port Philip study in Victoria in 1998 / 1999 also includes emissions from the mowing of public spaces such as parks and gardens. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Lawn Mowing. Emissions are estimated for all major urban and some region centres.
Emissions are estimated for mowing public spaces such as parks and gardens. Emissions are estimated for Alice Springs, Canberra and Darwin. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Lawn Mowing
Emissions are estimated for from the burning of liquid fuels, such as fuel oil and kerosene in households. Emissions are estimated for major urban areas and some regional areas. Jurisdictions that included this source are ACT, NT, Tasmania and Victoria.
Emissions are estimated for milk and cream processing facilities that are too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Darwin area only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Dairy Product Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions are estimated for motor vehicles, includes exhaust and fuel tank emissions. Emissions are estimated for most urban and some regional areas. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Motor Vehicles. Emissions are not updated annually. Currently available estimates use data from 1997 onwards.
Emissions are estimated from repainting of automobiles e.g. after repairs following a car accident. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Motor Vehicle Refinishing. Emissions are estimated for all major urban and some regional centres.
Emissions are estimated for leakage of town gas or natural gas during distribution. Emissions are estimated for urban regions in Victoria and Canberra and Perth.
Emissions are estimated for non-ferrous foundries too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Non-Ferrous Foundries Manual.
Emissions are estimated for paint manufacturing facilities too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Paint & Ink Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions are estimated for dust disturbance by vehicles travelling on paved and unpaved roads. Emissions are estimated for most urban and some regional areas including the Pilbara in WA. For some regions only paved roads are included. Substances reported include Particulate Matter 10.0 microns or less and metals. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Paved and Unpaved Roads
Emissions are estimated for bitumen manufacturing plants in Alice Springs and Darwin. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for port operators that are too small to report maritime operations individually. Emissions are estimated for the Darwin area only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see the Maritime Operations Manual.
Emissions are estimated for sub-threshold commercial printing and graphic art facilities. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Printing and Graphical Arts. The emissions are typically organic compounds.
Emissions are estimated for facilities classified as ANZSIC code 5720 "Pubs, Taverns and Bars" that are too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Darwin and Alice Springs areas only. The Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for pulp and paper manufacture at sites too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Pulp & Paper Manufacturing Manual.
Emissions are estimated for quarries too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see the Mining and Processing of Non-Metallic Minerals Manual.
This source includes emissions to air from the operations of the Alice Springs rail terminal. Emissions from the following activities were estimated:
Emissions are estimated for diesel locomotives, shunting operation and main line operation. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Railways. Emissions are estimated for some urban and regional areas.
Emissions are estimated for refueling operations of automobiles at service stations. Estimates do not include emissions from the operation of automobiles. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Service Stations. Emissions are estimated for all major urban and some regional centres. The source is referred to as "Automotive Fuel Retailing" in Darwin and Alice Springs
This category covers the emission estimates from ground activities at Darwin and Alice Springs Airports. Emissions from aircraft landing, taking-off and idling cycles and from aircraft auxiliary power units are covered under the "Aircraft" category. The main ground activities covered include backup generators, airport motor vehicles, tractors, handtools, fire training and aircraft ground support equipment such as belt loaders, forklifts, stairs, toilet trucks, water trucks and tugs. Activity data for all but the aircraft ground support equipment was obtained from the airport managers (Northern Territory Airports). As the aircraft ground support equipment is operated by the major airlines, activity data for these was obtained, where possible, directly from the airlines. Data gaps were filled-in by using representative data from other airlines. Emissions were estimated as follows:
Emissions are estimated for burning of solid fuels (eg wood or coal) for domestic heating or cooking. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Domestic Solid Fuel Burning. Emissions are estimated for all urban and some regional areas.
Emissions are estimated for solvent use (Trichloroethylene and Total Volatile Organic Compounds) in degreasing and cleaning in facilities to small to report individually. For a description of how the emissions were calculated see Aggregated Emissions from Use of Industrial Solvents. Emissions are estimated for some urban and regional centres.
Emissions are estimated for rifle ranges in the Darwin area. The manual used is the Explosives Detonation and Firing Ranges Manual.
Emissions are estimated for Darwin only. Emissions are estimated from abrasive blasting using steel grit or garnet to clean and prepare metal surfaces for painting. This process results in fine particles, including metal, being emitted to air. Also covered under this source are volatile organic substances from the use of primers, paints and thinners. A survey of abrasive blasters was undertaken to gather information on the annual amount of abrasive, paints, primers and thinners being used. Information was gathered from eight abrasive blasters in the Darwin region. Two of these facilities were boat repair yards. Emissions from paints, primers, and thinners were estimated by multiplying the usage data by the emission factors in tables 3 and 4 of the NPI Emissions Estimation Technique Manual for Aggregated Emissions from Motor Vehicle Refinishing. Emissions from the use of abrasives are estimated using the technique outlined in Equation 1 of the NPI Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Surface Coating. In summary, emissions of each metal (expressed in kilograms per year) is determined from:
Emissions are estimated for chlorine gas from swimming pools. Emissions are estimated for Perth only.
Emissions are estimated for technical and further education facilities that are too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for Darwin and Alice Springs areas only. The Aggregate Emissions from Domestic Gaseous Fuel Burning Manual was used to estimate emissions from combustion.
Emissions are estimated for timber and wood processing sites too small to report individually. Emissions are estimated for South East Queensland only.
Emissions are estimated from road line marking. Emissions are estimated for Canberra only.
Emissions are estimated for fine dust particles (10 microns or less in diameter) from eroded or bare land surfaces in natural areas. Emissions are estimated for Pilbara Region of WA only.